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Protein-protein interaction network of selected mitotic kinases and phosphatases as determined by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Size of nodes indicates protein coverage, color of nodes indicates sensitivity of protein-protein interaction to kinase inhibition (gradient of blue to yellow indicating loss of interaction upon inhibition).
Deciphering the Codes of Cell Signaling in Cancer
In a beautifully orchestrated chain of events that is fundamental to life and health, our bodies continually undergo mitosis—a process by which a "parent" cell divides, producing two identical "daughter" cells, which in turn also divide, and so on. When we are in good health, mitosis is carefully regulated to ensure fidelity and allows new cells to be produced as needed for both growth and repair of aging or damaged tissues.
But when genetic mutations occur, they can lead to unchecked cell growth and proliferation—a hallmark of many cancers and birth defects. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie these changes is the focus of Arminja Kettenbach, PhD, an assistant professor of biochemistry and cell biology at the Geisel School of Medicine.
In the following Q&A, Kettenbach, who recently received two high-profile grant awards from the National Institute for General Medical Sciences and the V Foundation for Cancer Research, talks about her work in the Kettenbach Lab, which is located in Dartmouth-Hitchcock's Norris Cotton Cancer Center.
Q: How do you describe your area of research and what your lab is focused on?
Kettenbach: Essentially, we are interested in understanding from a biological perspective how cells divide, and what goes wrong in cell division during cancer. We use advanced approaches in proteomics (the comprehensive analysis of proteins and how they are expressed), biochemistry, cell biology, and imaging to gain insights into the complex signaling networks that are involved in cell division.
Tim Dean is a senior writer for Dartmouth Medicine.
Specifically, my lab focuses on a critical process of cell signaling called protein phosphorylation, by which proteins get modified and regulated as part of cell division. There are two classes of enzymes that play a really important role in this: kinases, which "put on" a modification; and phosphatases, which "take off" a modification. It is the balance of these two counteracting activities that ensures mitotic fidelity.
There's been a lot of research done on the kinase side, but there's much less known about the phosphatase side. Traditionally, the idea was that phosphatases were like "housekeeping" enzymes that only played a minor role. It turns out that it is not true—they are, in fact, highly selective and specific enzymes.
In my lab, we want to know how these enzymes actually help regulate the progression of cell division. Our hope is that this will help to uncover new pathways for therapeutic interventions in cancer treatments.
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In the Kettenbach Lab: (left to right) Arminja Kettenbach, Scott Rusin, Kate Schlosser, and Adam Petrone. (Photo courtesy of Kettenbach Lab)
Q: What tools are you using to study this process?
Kettenbach: We are using proteomics, which allows us to monitor on a global level protein expression—the abundance of proteins and also if these proteins are modified by phosphorylation. Using an instrument in the lab called a mass spectrometer, we can easily look at 8,000 to 9,000 proteins and 20,000 phosphorylation sites at the same time. This gives us a clear picture of the phosphorylation dynamics in cell division, and how sites react if we make a change, such as introduce a drug.
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Arminja Kettenbach, PhD, an assistant professor of biochemistry and cell biology at the Geisel School of Medicine. Photo courtesy Norris Cotton Cancer Center.
Q: Are there specific cancers that you are targeting?
Kettenbach: We are very interested in triple-negative breast cancer. Using proteomics approaches, we're working to develop new ways of analyzing patient samples and stratifying patients (grouping them based on the specific characteristics of their cancer type) to help predict what types of therapies will be most effective for them.
I am also a member of the Dartmouth Institute of Biomolecular Targeting (BioMT) directed by Dean Madden, PhD—a highly collaborative initiative that includes about 60 scientists and 15 labs across 10 departments and three schools. There, we are using the same proteomic approaches to identify targets (within key phosphosignaling pathways) for developing new therapeutic strategies to fight Glioblastoma, a common form of brain cancer.
Q: What do you consider to be your most important accomplishment to date?
Kettenbach: It is, in fact, something that is quite technical. In contrast to genomics, proteomics is a relatively new technology. So a lot of our time is spent trying to establish new methods for how we can do things or optimizecurrent methods.
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Immunofluorescence micrograph of HeLa cells stained for tubulin (green), kinetochores (red) and DNA (blue). Image courtesy of Kettenbach Lab.
In our work, it's very difficult to analyze whole proteins, so we break them into small pieces called peptides. While nearly three-quarters of all proteins are phosphorylated, after we break them down into many peptides only one percent of peptides are "phosphopeptides." So we need ways to enrich for this population of peptides that have phosphorylation sites.
During my post-doctoral research, I developed an approach to do that, which has worked out very well. Most proteomics labs worldwide have adopted it, and the approach has led to other developments in our methods.
Q: What do you enjoy most about your research?
Kettenbach: I love the fact that pretty much every day, we can discover something new and increase our understanding about cellular signaling and cancer.
One of the great things about proteomics is that it's a highly collaborative discipline. Because it's so specialized and there aren't that many labs doing it, we have a chance to collaborate with many other leading centers and researchers and support their work.
For example, we have a lot of collaborators around Dartmouth, but also across the U.S. and even worldwide—including people from Canada, Denmark, and Germany. It's very gratifying to be able to work with them and help them to understand their systems better from a proteomics point of view.
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