Editor's Note
Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it," observed philosopher George Santayana in his five-volume opus, The Life of Reason. Santayana wrote those oftquoted words (actually, oft-misquotedusually the aphorism is rendered as "Those who do not know history are condemned to repeat it") almost a hundred years ago, but they are still as true as ever.
Indeed, they are even truer than they're usually given credit for. Santayana's maxim is most often invoked in the world of politicsapplied to legislative wrangling, wartime strategizing, and (as we are all only too aware in this presidential election year) civic decision-making. Even the most conscientious voter would probably agree with 19thcentury French satirist Alphonse Karr's assertion that "the more things change, the more they stay the same." There are only so many ways to strike a diplomatic compromise or to make an appeal to constituents or to wage figurative (or literal) battle. In politics, therefore, it's easy to see that one must be a student of the past in order to master the future. Today's global leaders ignore at their peril the lessons to be learned from Nero and Nehru, from Lincoln and Louis XIV.
Science, however, is more usually regarded as a purely linear pursuitwe know more this year, this decade, this century, than we did last year, a decade ago, a century ago. And, we are confident, we'll know more next year and a decade and a century hence than we do today.
In 1950, for example, it was thought that stress and spicy food caused stomach ulcers. Now we know that a bacterium is to blame. In 1850, before Joseph Lister elucidated the principle of antisepsis, a surgeon might go right from the street or the stable to the operating tablewhich, in rural areas, was often a kitchen table. And, as one of the features in this issue points out ("Heart Failure," on page 34), it was long thought that the heart was the seat of emotion. It wasn't until the 1600s that William Harvey proved the heart's function is to circulate blood throughout the body.
Given the inexorable progress in biomedical research, what possible relevance could George Santayana's injunction have to science? Why should we bother to study what used to be "fact" but is now, in fact, known to be wrong? What could, say, a geneticist in the year 2000 possibly have to learn from Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), whose single- lensed microscopes provided the first glimpse human eyes had ever seen of one-celled life, or from Gregor Mendel (1822-1884), whose simple though elegant experiments with pea plants first suggested the existence of genes?
A lot, according to Matthew Megill, the author of "Heart Failure." Megill is a 2000 graduate of Dartmouth College, and this article was adapted from his senior thesiswhich won two classics prizes. He has explored how it was that the great 2nd-century Greek physician Galen failed to discern the heart's true function, for Galen knew much about the organ's structure, and none of the experiments Harvey conducted would have been beyond the methodologies of the 2nd century. The apparent reason for Galen's failure, Megill posits, provides a powerful lesson for scientists of any era: to be sure that cultural bias doesn't get in the way of careful observation and experimentation.
Learning about the history of science can be more than instructiveit can also be entertaining. Some people don't need to be sold on the fact that science is fascinatingfor example, the enthusiastic researchers who are the subject of another feature in this issue ("Battling the CF Monster," on page 38). But too many nonscientists are convinced that science is dry and daunting.
Yet consider the fact that a book called Microbe Hunters, written in 1926 by Paul De Kruif, has been in print nearly constantly for the past 74 years. I happened to notice recently that the bookwhich is about the early giants of microbiology (including van Leeuwenhoek)is described in customer reviews on Amazon.com as "humorous" and "hard to put down." Microbe Hunterswhich is indeed a good readbetrays its age socially (in unenlightened racial attitudes) and in occasional scientific lapses (antibiotics hadn't even been discovered when it was written), but it's up-to-the-minute in communicating the excitement of science.
That's what we try to do in Dartmouth Medicine as well. And although we haven't been at it quite as long as 74 years, with this issue we begin our 25th year of publication!
Dana Cook Grossman
Dartmouth Medicine
EDITOR
Dana Cook Grossman
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Laura Stephenson Carter
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR
Sandy Adams
EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
Jonathan Weisberg
CONTRIBUTING WRITERS
Megan McAndrew Cooper
Joseph J. Deffner
Marta Hristova
Matthew Megill
Roger P. Smith, Ph.D.
Emily Reagle Transue, M.D.
Catherine Tudish
PHOTOGRAPHERS/ILLUSTRATORS
Mark Austin-Washburn
Bonnie Bragg
Suzanne DeJohn
Bert Dodson
Flying Squirrel Graphics
Jon Gilbert Fox
David Holznagel
Maria Melin/ABC
DESIGN CONSULTANT
Kate Siepmann
EDITORIAL BOARD
Joan Crane Barthold, M.D., '85
James L. Bernat, M.D.
Mary M. Green
Mahlon B. Hoagland, M.D.
David Holznagel '03
Katherine J. Little, M.D.
Fred Louis III, DC '58
Thomas L. McFarland
Joseph E. Melton, Ph.D., '82
Maureen S. Micek, M.D., '90
H. Worth Parker, M.D., HS '75-83
John H. Sanders, Jr., M.D.
Heinz Valtin, M.D.
Jennifer Vines '02
Hali Wickner
Charles R. Wira, Ph.D., '70
Derrik F. Woodbury, M.D., '77
EDITORIAL OFFICES
Mailing address: Dartmouth Medicine,
One Medical Center Drive
(HB 7070), Lebanon, NH 03756
Delivery address: Dartmouth Medicine,
Two Buck Road (Door with
Green Star), Hanover, NH 03755
Phone: 603/650-4039
Fax: 603/650-4085
E-mail: dartmed@dartmouth.edu
Back to Fall 2000 Dartmouth Medicine